Marketing Customer Engagement Business Implications

Question: Talk about the Report for Marketing Customer Engagement of Business Implications. Answer: Presentation: In the current business condition, associations use devotion program to guarantee future organizations. Faithfulness program additionally help to recognize conduct pattern, spending example and future needs of the clients. In this task, the attention will be on Fly Buys that speak to biggest dependability program in the nation. The organization set up in 1996 to create dedication program that could ready to perceive the purchasers of the New Zealand. By and by Fly Buys has around 2.5 million cardholders with in excess of 50 colleagues. Very nearly 3,00,000 time New Zealanders swipe the card each day (New Zealand's #1 unwaveringness program., 2016). Be that as it may, increment challenges in the market have making part of troubles for the program to keep up its prevalence. The report will assess choices that Fly Buys can use for keeping up its situation in the market. Contextual analysis suggested choice: From the examination, I have evaluated that Fly Buys concentrating on the brand extending strategy so as to keep up its ubiquity in the market. According to the article by Singh (2013), brand extending mirrors an advertising technique wherein an association advance item or administrations with a very much created picture for giving various sorts of items and administrations. I found that Chris have deliberately attempted to use the brand notoriety for the further usage of the dedication program. The contextual analysis has chosen brand-extending procedure for the upgrade of the faithfulness program as it can give a few advantages. I trust Chris chose brand extending system to decrease the see danger of the clients at the time profiting administrations. It will likewise help Fly Buys to limit the special expense for actuating more individuals to profit the administrations. Moreover, I have recognized that the contextual analysis featured that Fly Buys have 71% portion of the New Zeala nd family unit showcase. Along these lines, it set up the way that the Fly Buys is amazingly famous in giving faithfulness administrations to the clients. In this way, I accept that the chose technique of Chris is amazingly compelling to expand the prominence of the devotion program. Substitute choice suggest by the creator: Be that as it may, I feel Fly Buys can likewise decide to present new brand for upgrading the notoriety in the market. Notwithstanding, I do accept that Fly Buys need to experience legitimate arranging and investigation methodology so as to dispatch another brand effectively in the market. I accept that improvement of new brand will assist with confronting the future difficulties in a substantially more viable manner. In this way, I accept that administrators of Fly Buys should settle on quality choice so as to satisfy the goal of propelling new brand in the market (Rosenbaum-Elliott et al., 2015). I feel that if chiefs of Fly Buys can really assess the current market circumstance in a legitimate manner, new brand create can really give more customers to the association. I likewise feel that advancement of new brand can really permit Fly Buys to use imaginative plans to for the infiltrating the market in an appropriate manner. Besides, usage of legitimate market examination will perm it Fly Buys to build up the brand in a considerably more compelling manner (Albrecht et al., 2013). I feel that on the off chance that Fly Buys select new brand improvement methodologies, at that point the organization can keep up two unique databases for the two brands. Accordingly, it will be simpler for the organization to recognize the viability of the actualized methodology. Similar examination between the suggested choice by the contextual investigation and by the creator: From the above conversation, it tends to be survey that both the choices have their own advantages for the association. For example, in the event that Fly Buys select Chriss choice of brand extending, at that point it will limit the hazard in the market. In any case, same brand name doesn't give an excessive amount of favorable position in growing new clients (Abosag, Roper Hind, 2012). Then again, in the event that Fly Buys decides to actualize new brand improvement technique, at that point the organization should contribute more on the limited time battle. In any case, I accept advancement of new brand will assist with catching the eye of the new client. In present complex business condition, I feel each association needs to concentrate on proceeds with advancement of client base. Else, it can make enormous measure of negative effect on the maintainability in the market. In this manner, I think using new brand will be relatively progressively gainful for the Fly Buys. From the above contextual investigation, I have surveyed that Fly Buys have gigantic measure of prevalence in the New Zealand showcase. Along these lines, it is normal that the brand have their own base of clients. Thus, usage of brand extending procedure will assist with actualizing same system for the improvement of the fame (Spiggle, Nguyen Caravella, 2012). Be that as it may, Fly Buys are available in the market for a significant stretch of time. Along these lines, the brand has next to no zone for infiltration. Moreover, Fly Buys is constantly using same methodologies for keeping up its situation in the market. According to the article by Kapferer (2012), associations need to use creative procedures for creating solid connection with the clients. In this manner, if Fly Buys use new brand improvement methodology, it will make positive effect on the client devotion program. Likewise, advancement of new brand really permits Fly Buys to use inventive unwaveringness program technique s like youth card and senior card (He, Li Harris, 2012). Besides, it is normal that significance of reliability card will increment in future. In this way, new brand advancement really expands the adequacy of market division that in the end makes positive effect on the situating of the new brand (Stobart, 2016). Then again, I accept brand extending can really make colossal measure of negative effect on the off chance that one of the item or administration fizzled in the market. Since, I accept that brand extending really conveys the notoriety of the whole association. Thusly, when one item or administration fizzled in the market, it makes negative discernment on other item and administrations too. Ramifications of the creators suggested choice: According to the article by Ferguson et al. (2016), new brand improvement is amazingly vital for supporting development in the market. In any case, I do accept that advancement of solid brand relies upon the away from and vision of the association. Else, it may not ready to give same degree of advantages. The ramifications of the suggested alternative are as per the following: Gain steadfastness of new clients: I accept if Fly Buys can ready to assess the need of the market appropriately, brand advancement procedure will make positive effect on the client dependability. I additionally feel that presentation of new brand will build interest of the individuals that in the long run impact them to remain related with the association. Addition upper hand: I feel use of beyond what one brand can really help Fly Buys to improve its degree of acknowledgment in the commercial centers. Along these lines, it really causes Fly Buys to increase upper hand in the market. Moreover, I think on the off chance that one brand loses its entrance, Fly Buys can use different choices to keep up its alternative in the market. Concentrate on conveying esteem: I feel that if Fly Buys can make an extraordinary offer for the new brand, it will assist with improving its situation in the market. Moreover, I accept that remarkable offer will permit Fly Buys to concentrate less on persuading the clients. Ensure against cost undermining and financial change: I feel that usage of more than one brand really will help Fly Buys to actualize distinctive estimating structure at the hour of financial change. Thusly, it will help buyers of Fly Buys to remain related with the association. End and suggestion: The above conversation features the way that both the alternatives have certain advantages. Then again, both the alternatives need to consider a few variables so as to get fruitful in the market. In any case, I feel that brand extending includes an excessive amount of hazard as it really chances whole notoriety of the association. In this manner, I will prescribe Fly Buys to use new brand advancement technique to keep up the unwaveringness level of the shoppers. In any case, I will likewise prescribe Fly Buys to assess the market needs appropriately before the presentation of new brand in the market. References: Abosag, I., Roper, S., Hind, D. (2012). Inspecting the connection between brand feeling and brand expansion among supporters of expert football clubs.European Journal of marketing,46(9), 1233-1251. Albrecht, C. M., Backhaus, C., Gurzki, H., Woisetschlger, D. M. (2013). Drivers of brand augmentation achievement: What truly matters for extravagance brands.Psychology Marketing,30(8), 647-659. Ferguson, G., Ferguson, G., Lau, K. C., Lau, K. C., Phau, I., Phau, I. (2016). Brand character as an immediate reason for brand expansion achievement: does self-observing matter?.Journal of Consumer Marketing,33(5), 343-353. He, H., Li, Y., Harris, L. (2012). Social personality point of view on brand loyalty.Journal of Business Research,65(5), 648-657. Kapferer, J. N. (2012).The new key brand the board: Advanced experiences and key reasoning. Kogan page distributers. New Zealand's #1 faithfulness program.. (2016).Fly Buys. Recovered 10 August 2016, from https://www.flybuys.co.nz Rosenbaum-Elliott, R., Percy, L., Elliott, R. H., Pervan, S. (2015).Strategic brand the board. Oxford University Press, USA. Singh, D. (2013). The brand character segment of brand altruism: a few predecessors and consequences.Brand value promoting: Advertising's job in building solid brands, 83. Spiggle, S., Nguyen, H. T., Caravella, M. (2012). More than fit: brand augmentation authenticity.Journal of Marketing Resea

What Students Can Expect When They Purchase Essays

What Students Can Expect When They Purchase EssaysPurchase essays help to create a link between an institution and the buyer. It gives the buyer a perspective on how the institution works and its operations. The purchase essay serves as an unbiased analysis of an institution that is not dependent on any particular government department.One thing that most students do when they purchase essays is to have one that directly or indirectly discusses their college. This can be a good way to build a better relationship with the college that is the recipient of the essay. Since most students are new to the campus, they are looking for ways to make it their own. This makes it easier for them to discuss their experiences in the class, their classes and other aspects of the college life.College students learn at different rates. Some learn faster than others. Some need to be shown how to use a computer, while others will need some guidance. For these students, the purchase essay provides inform ation and some pointers about computers, studying and more. It can provide a beginning or an end point for a student's college experience.A general rule is that students who purchase essays do so for a reason. They are seeking a degree of independence within the college environment. Since they are going to be taught by someone, the selection of an essay should be based on personal opinion. The customer will also be able to tailor the essay to suit their learning style.Essays can be purchased for a variety of reasons. It can be for earning credit for the purchase or it can also be used as a bargaining tool with the institution. The essay can also be used to promote the college's program or it can be used as an extra information source for a specific degree program. The purchasing essay is useful for a variety of purposes.There are also free essay evaluation programs available online. These are offered by professional writers and help to choose which students are good writers. Since t hese will be published, there is no need to worry about using a writer that does not fit your educational needs. These writers are chosen carefully to ensure that they meet the requirements for the essay's audience.Some colleges have a selection of essays available. These essays are used to decide which students will receive credit for the completion of the assignment. The selection of a selection of essays gives students an opportunity to choose the topic that they want to write about.Other times, it is helpful to write about your personal life. Because of this, it is important to choose a topic that you have knowledge of and know the content well. A student's personal essay is used as an avenue for education and practice for writing a more advanced essay.

How to Write a Successful Argumentative Essay

How to Write a Successful Argumentative EssaySample argumentative essay samples are the best way to learn how to write a better essay. One cannot be well-informed if he or she cannot gather information. Every student should learn how to write well essay in one or two years from when he or she enrolls in a college. Hence, learning how to write an essay effectively requires writing it.Any student is a good writer who has to start by writing. For starters, he or she should learn how to read the essay. One should be able to analyze the work properly before he or she starts writing it. A student who writes at the right time would be able to perform the task well.There are many websites on the internet that offer sample argumentative essay samples for students. These samples are helpful for students. Students can find out about different types of arguments and develop his or her own persuasive argument. Students can learn how to write a persuasive essay.A good essay always requires good vo cabulary. Students should be able to know about words that relate to the topic of their essay. They should know how to use such words in writing an essay. Students must also be able to write a good essay without using any slang or cultural terms.One must not use profanity in their work. The topic of the essay should be clear in the mind so that students know what they are writing about. In fact, students should be able to tell in their minds what they are going to write about. Students should remember to list out all the points they want to make in their essay before they start writing it.Writing articles is a good way to get an idea about the topic that they are going to write. This also helps them to choose the best word for writing an essay. Students can get good ideas from articles written by others. This is a great way to get an idea about how to write an essay.Proficient writing skills are a good way to improve one's writing ability. Any student who has a knack for writing sho uld go to a essay writing class to learn about the techniques and style of writing. Writing skills are important for students who want to join an organization where they need to produce something. Students should always keep their minds focused on what they are going to write.Writing an essay can be a tedious job. A student must focus on the topic of the essay carefully. All details should be placed in the proper place. An outline of the essay should be kept so that the entire composition does not get lost. All these things should be taught in writing classes.

The Cold War And The Soviet War - 845 Words

The reason the Cold War was called the Cold War is because there were no physical battles with weapons, tanks, or even artillery, it was a war between capitalism vs. communism, democracy vs. dictatorship. This War actually started when Stalin of the USSR had a conference during the end of WWII who promised the American president, FDR, that he would allow there to be elections, democratic elections, in the Eastern part of Europe which had the soviet dominance. But in the year of 1945, in the Potsdam conference, after the death of FDR, and during Truman s presidency, Stalin drew back on the promises he had previously made which means that he would not allow the elections to occur. As years went on, tensions grew, forcing the relationship between USSR (Soviet Russia) and USA to worsen. One of the best examples of this is during the year of 1949, when China adopted the ideology of communism. The year 1949, was also the time when Soviet Union tested their first atomic bomb, equaling the A mericas monopoly on nuclear war. United States never got a break during the Cold War. During the 50 s and 60 s stress levels heightened to a new level. The Berlin Wall and the U-2 crisis nearly caused a World War III, and Cuba turning communist forced America to believe they were not trying hard enough to win the war. If it s not a win for America, then it will always be a loss. This is when President Truman was enforcing his ideas in winning this war. To the new administration of HarryShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War And The Soviet War911 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War began at the resolution of WWII and continued into the 1990’s. The Cold War was fueled by many factors such as ideological differences, mutual mistrust, America’s fear of the spread of communism, and nuclear weapons. The war ultimately resulted in the collapse of communism. The war was supported by allied nations although the main instigators of the war were Russia and the United States. A major short term factor that lead to the Cold War was USSR’s fear of America’s newly acquiredRead MoreSoviet War : The Cold War1289 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the entirety of World War II the United States and the Soviet Union joined forces and repelled against the axis powers. However the two nations did not see eye to eye and as a result had an uneasy relationship. Tensions worsened after the war due to Soviet expansion located in Eastern Europe. The two almost seemed destined to clash after the end of the Second World War. The two nations had contrasting long term interests, and different values in terms of politics. Subsequently, this causedRead MoreSoviet War : The Cold War Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesCold War Essay 1947 through 1991 was the time period of the Cold War; the Cold War was a result caused by the tension of the after math of what had happened with world war 2 .The tension that was there wasn t just any kind of tension it was military tension between the power of the eastern bloc and the power of the western bloc. The Cold War wasn t only one war but it was decades of littlewars and intimidation. Germany was busy after the war, there where so much tension betweenRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet War1982 Words   |  8 PagesAs we all think of word â€Å"war† we immediately think of death s, violence, disagreement with one another. Many country has been on war with one another but they have got anything out of it, except millions of people deaths. Whenever â€Å"war† start it’s always happened because of two nations disagreement with one another. In 1948 Berlin Blockade, The USSR attempt to break the connection between the Western and Eastern part s of Berlin, in the result of this early days of Cold war started. As long as I knowRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet War1134 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War is the name granted to the tensions that developed between the USA and the USSR after World War II. The Cold War was an era of confrontation and competition between these two world powers that lasted from about 1946 to 1990. The Cold War was to dominate affairs for decades and many major crises occurred such as the Berlin Wall, Hungary, Vietnam, and the Cuban Missile Crisis are just a few examples of the problems that sparked as a result of the Cold War. For most, the growth in weaponsRead MoreThe Soviet War : The Cold War Essay4147 Words   |  17 PagesCOLD WAR TERMINATION Most historians and foreign policy analysts in 1981 did not anticipate that within a decade the Cold War would be over and that it would end with relatively little violence and the end of the Soviet Union. Structural forces have received considerably less attention than the players in assessments on the end of the Cold War. There is widespread recognition that a stagnating Soviet economy definitely shaped Gorbachev s policy of perestroika to revive a command economy dominatedRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet War1199 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War was a succession of savage battles fought between the USA and the USSR during the end of World War II. These two prevailing countries never faced each other directly, therefore it was a war fought by proxy. Both the USA and the USSR had conflict between their two ideologies and ways of life, the USA assumed capitalism and democracy was the optimal way of living, while the USSR concluded communism was the more suitable choice. Each cou ntry believed their system or ideology was superiorRead MoreSoviet War : The Cold War Essay2010 Words   |  9 PagesBrandon Davis Teacher Class Period 13 December 2016 Cold War Essay From the years of 1947 to 1991, the Cold War became the peak of tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. This tension originated through the political, economic, and ideological differences between these two governments. The United States was wary of the communist government in Russia, starting from the Red Scare. Throughout the duration of World War I and II, the United States sought to contain communism and preventRead MoreThe Soviets And The Cold War1597 Words   |  7 PagesAfter the end of World War Two, the Soviets and Americans had conflicting views on their beliefs and ideology. The Soviets supported communism, whereas the United States, and other â€Å"Big Four† allies encouraged capitalism. This caused a tense relationship to form between the two powerful countries, and led to many international affairs. These non-violent events were known as the Cold War, and one of the most important was the Berlin Airlift. At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, Joseph StalinRead MoreThe Cold War And Its Effects On The Soviet War1343 Words   |  6 Pages Cold War Midterm Czechoslovakia 1968: Liberalization in the Eastern Bloc Michael Fritz Excelsior College September 17, 2014 The political landscape, economic climate change and religious beliefs all factored into the Cold War due the fact that it lasted nearly 5 decades. The Cold War changed histrionically from each administration change that every nation faced during these long time periods. In the Soviet Union political landscapes went from Stalin to Khruschev then Brezhnev, each

Amy Fisher - The Long Island Lolita

Amy Elizabeth Fisher was born on August 21, 1974. In her book, Amy Fisher: My Story, co-written with Sheila Weller, Amy wrote that she suffered early childhood trauma after a family member, repeatedly, sexually abused her. Then, at age 13, a man hired to work at her home raped her. In her very early teens, she was sexually active, eventually resulting in an unwanted pregnancy and abortion. The abuse she suffered as a child seemed to spur her promiscuous behavior, later in life. The Beginnings of the Sexual Affair: Amy met Joey Buttafuoco in May 1991, when she took her car to his auto shop for repairs. She began visiting the shop and hanging around Joey on a regular basis. Her attraction toward him grew. On July 2, with her car in repair, Joey offered to drive her home. While at her home, the two had their first sexual encounter in her bedroom. Joey was 35, married, with two children. Amy Fisher was 16 and in high school. For the next several months, the two solidified their love affair at local motels. Amys Total Focus Was On Joey: According to Amy, Joey often talked about his unhappiness in his marriage. Amy, in return, shared intimate details of her life to him. The relationship was going strong, but other areas of Amy’s life were beginning to unravel. She was doing badly in school and she lost interest in her friends and family. Her focus was on Joey. By August 1991, Amy was out of work and in need of money. Allegedly, Joey suggested she become an escort at a local escort service. Amy took his suggestion. The Ultimatum: Within a month, Amy was making good money as a prostitute. By November, her thoughts about Joey and his wife had become obsessive. She was jealous of Mary Jo and wanted her out of the picture. In frustration, she decided to give Joey an ultimatum - her or his wife. Joey picked his wife. Amy, stunned and hurt, ended the relationship. Unable to cope with the break-up, she cut her wrists, but the cuts were superficial. After the suicide attempt, Amy decided to try to get back to her normal life. Amy Dwells on Getting Rid of Mary Jo: Amy began dating Paul Makely, a co-owner of a local gym. But in January, Joey and Amy resumed their affair. Allegedly, Joey wasnt bothered by her being a prostitute, but he did get upset when he found out she was having a relationship with Makely. Not wanting to risk the refound relationship, Amy led Joey to believe that Makely was unimportant to her. She also began dwelling on how to get rid of Mary Jo, who she viewed as the biggest risk to her relationship with Joey. The Decision to Kill Mary Jo: On May 13, 1992, almost a year from the first time she met Joey, Amy decided, once and for all, to get rid of Mary Jo. She heard that Peter Guagenti could help her get a gun. Amy said that on that same evening, she shared her plan with Joey and that he supplied her with tips on how to shoot his wife. On May 15, Amy has stated that Joey contacted her to find out if she had a gun, which at that point she did not. Joey has always denied knowing anything about Amy’s plans to kill Mary Jo. Amy Shoots Mary Jo Buttafuoco: Amy contacted Guagenti, and the plan to kill Mary Jo was arranged. On May 17, she and Guagenti replaced his license plates with two that Amy had stolen. At 11:30 a.m., with Guagenti driving, the two went to the Buttafuoco home. Armed with a Titan .25 semi-automatic gun, Amy confronted Mary Jo on her front porch. After a short conversation, Amy hit Mary Jo with the gun, causing her to fall to the ground. While still on the ground, Amy shot her in the head. Mary Jo Struggles to Stay Alive: Neighbors quickly came to Mary Jo’s aid. Her chances for survival were bad. After several hours in surgery, Mary Jos condition stabilized, but the bullet remained lodged in her head. Joey told the police that Paul Makely and Pauls girlfriend, Amy, may have been involved in the shooting. He said he had given advice to Amy about not paying her boyfriends drug debt, and Makely, when finding out, sought vengeance. The police doubted his story and suspected he was hiding something. Mary Jo Identifies Amy as Her Attacker: On May 20, Mary Jo was conscious and giving police the details of the shooting. Joey, knowing the police were getting close to the truth about his love affair, told the police the shooter might have been Amy Fisher. Mary Jo identified Amy as the shooter from a picture she was shown. The police, unable to locate Amy, asked Joey to contact her and find out where she was. He reluctantly obliged. On May 21, the police arrested Amy Fisher, at her home, for the shooting of Mary Jo Buttafuoco. The Long Island Lolita: Amy told the police that the shooting was a mistake - that the gun discharged when she hit Mary Jo on the head. Knowing Joey had turned against her, she also told them that Joey had given her the gun and that the two were lovers - a charge Joey denied. On May 29, Amy pled not guilty to the charges of attempted murder in the second degree, armed felony, assault, and criminal use of a firearm. The national press dubbed Amy the Long Island Lolita. Friends and former clients obliterated what was left of her credibility by selling the press videos that had been secretly filmed of her, and agreeing to interviews in which they would bash her character. Amys bail was set at $2 million, the highest in the history of Nassau County, Long Island. After two months in jail, Amys bail was secured, but only after she agreed to give up the rights of her story to KLM Productions. Her lawyer then arranged a plea agreement in which Amy would spend up to fifteen years in prison in exchange for testimony against Joey. Amy Fisher accepted the plea agreement and was sentenced accordingly. Guagenti spent six months in prison for giving Amy the gun. In 1993, the DA charged Joey with statutory rape. Amy testified about their sexual affair. Joey was indicted on felony charges of rape, sodomy, and endangering the welfare of a minor. With the evidence against him mounting, Joey pled guilty to one count of statutory rape. He served six months in prison. Amy was released from prison after seven years. In 2003, she married a man she met online, who is 24-years older than her, and the father of her son. Now a columnist for the Long Island Press, she won a Media Award for Column-News from the Society of Professional Journalists in 2004. Her new book, If I Knew Then... is out, and she hopes it will help others. Source: Long Island Press and Amy Fisher: My Story

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1506 Words

Throughout the novel â€Å"The Great Gatsby† by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Nick uses the â€Å"I† in a past tense as he, the narrator, tells his story and at the end makes the realization that Gatsby and Nick share a commonality in life, therefore, Nick changes his world standpoint to include Gatsby, thus the â€Å"We† connection. In the beginning Nick starts off by telling us of the advice his father gave him (â€Å"Whenever you feel like criticizing any one, â€Å"he told me, â€Å"just remember that all the people in this world haven’t had the advantages that you’ve had.†). From his father’s teachings, Nick learns about what morality is, to be tolerant of the under privileged resulting in his identifying with the wealthy, which begins his â€Å"I† perspective. Thereupon, at†¦show more content†¦However, the Carraway’s tell the story that they were descended from the Dukes of Buccleuch, which is in fact a fallacy , making it appear to others that it is inherited wealth. Gatsby, on the other hand, came from a family of unsuccessful farmers and could not reconcile himself to his lot in life. He was born with the name James Gatz and reinvents himself into Jay Gatsby at the age of seventeen allowing him to have whatever past he chooses. His money, like Nick’s, was not inherited as he wanted others to believe, but in reality came from organized crime trading stolen securities and through bootlegging. When Nick returned from the war, he became restless after the totality of what he experienced there and wanted to escape the monotony of his mundane life. The hometown that he’d been accustomed to no longer appeared to be â€Å"the warm center of the world†. His dream was to create his own fortune and to bring substance back into his life. Therefore, he leaves the Middle West and goes east to become a bondsman. He, also, wanted the excitement that he thought he had been missing out on since the war and to be able to mingle with the elite wealthy. â€Å"My own house was an eyesore, but it was a small eyesore and it had been overlooked, so I had a view of the water, a partial view of my neighbor’s lawn and the consoling proximity of millionaires—all for eighty dollars a month.† F. Scott Fitzgerald, 5 Gatsby was also fleeing his

Research Paper College Athletes free essay sample

While athletes work their rear ends off, the university makes millions and the coachs gets a six- Geiger yearly salary. Although people argue college athletes already have a scholarship, these athletes have no choice but to go the extra mile by maintaining high grades and performing at a high level in their sports; so they should be compensated for it. II. Opposition The main problem with paying students athletes is that it is not the colleges primary function. The primary function of a academic institution is to educate, says Koori Mishearing.It would not make sense for an academic intuition to run a multi-million dollar entertainment business, which is what allege football and basketball have become. The college experience is payment enough for these athletes. While the majority of students athletes are getting scholarship money which is money they dont have to pay back. Majority of students are taking loans that have to paid back with small interest involved. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper College Athletes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If students athlete get paid they will not take their education serious enough to get good grades. College athlete have so many advantages already, by them getting paid would be surplus. College already provides students with an invaluable benefit already; by obtaining a college degree, the outwork the athlete can create, and higher paying job opportunities. Student athletes should look at their education as plan A, and their professional career in sports plan be. The reason why is there is a very small percentage that makes it professionally and if a career is cut short because of injury, the athlete can depend on the education they received. Ill.Refutation Collegiate athletes cannot live comfortably with the time they have to dedicate for school and the time they have to dedicate to the sport they are committed to. Very few college athletes receive a full ride scholarship; which covers tuition, fees, room, board and textbooks. Some athletes receive scholarships that cover only a portion Of these expenses, but many still receive exceedingly more aid than the average student. Which is fair since that are contributing more than an average student. College athletes and the talents they have, provide a huge source of the universities income.The university basically takes in money from ticket sales, television contracts, and sport-related merchandise. The athletes, on the other hand, receive their scholarship and little more. So the fact is the collegiate athlete, willingly or unwillingly, helps their university bring in millions of dollars while the athlete struggles for their basic needs. Read in Sports and Athletes page 96. According to an article in the Harvard Journal on Legislation, in the past twelve years, the amount of money generated by basketball and football programs has increased nearly 300%, such as they fund almost all other sports. Think of the amount of money a player like Johnny Minimize made his university Texas A. Adrian Peterson an elite running back in the NFG stated his first daughter was born while he was in college, adding responsibilities to his plate outside of playing football and going to class. He states: Nobody wants to live in the dorms for four years. You see the guys who are older, and they have responsibilities. I feel like, as much money as universities make, some of that should come down to the players, as well. We all know how fun it was watching Peterson his college years. Now imagine how much money Peterson not only brought his university but also the NCAA itself. When Theodore Roosevelt helped create the NCAA in 1906 he had no idea how much the NCAA would grow and what it would grow into. At that time it was a way to watch athletes play sports while making sure the rules were being followed, and watch the top athletes display their talents to the nation before becoming professionals. But now in the 21 SST century, the NCAA is a billion dollar company. So, my question is during this great surplus of money, why hasnt anything changed?Im not proposing college athletes should be getting aid hundreds of thousands of dollars extra cash a semester, not even ten thousand dollars a semester. If each athlete got paid $2,000 minimum semester and top athletes five thousand maximum extra cash a semester sounds fair. Those numbers is not even minimum wage if they got paid hourly for their sweat blood and tears the put in. Most athletic programs obviously cant afford this but a billion dollar company like the NCAA definitely can. V. Conclusion It is evident that what these athletes provide to their school is far greater then just a scholarship.

Paul Laurence Dunbar Essays - Paul Laurence Dunbar, Dunbar

Paul Laurence Dunbar PAUL LAURENCE DUNBAR Renowned African-American poet, Paul Laurence Dunbar rose from a poor childhood in Dayton, Ohio to international acclaim as a writer and as an effective voice for equality and justice for African-Americans (Howard, Revell). He met and associated with other historical men such as Fredrick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, and his Dayton neighbors Orville and Wilbur Wright (Harvard, Columbus). Dunbars personal story, as well as his writings, are still an inspiration to all Americans (Poupard). Dunbar was born June 27,1872 in Dayton, Ohio to Matilda and Joshua Dunbar, former slaves from Kentucky (Van Doren 296, Columbus). Their family was extremely poor because Joshua was not able to get a job. Racism was still strong in Ohio even though slavery was against the law at the time. To help their parents, Paul and his two half-brothers did chores like gathering firewood, raking leaves, and cutting grass (Howard). Matilda always provided inspiration to her children by reading to, supporting, and encouraging them to be creative. She loved storytelling, songs, and poetry. This affected Paul throughout his life, and it was she who instilled in him the desire to achieve (Columbus). Dunbars parents separated in 1874, after having two children. In spite of this, Paul was still able to achieve. He wrote his first poem at age six and recited publicly at age 2 nine (Howard). His first public reading was on his birthday in 1892. After Joshua left, Matilda was forced to work in Dayton as a washerwoman to support her family (Columbus). Joshua died when Paul was just twelve years old (Poupard). The death of Joshua only strengthened the bond between Paul and his mother (Revell). Dunbar was very popular among his classmates at Central High School. He was the only Negro in his class and was a member of the Literary Society, editor of the student publication, and composer of the class song at his graduation (Van Doren 296, Columbus). Dunbars first published poem was called Our Martyred Soldiers. It appeared in the Dayton Herald on June 8, 1888. In 1891 Paul graduated from Central High School (Revell 11-12). After graduation, Paul had to work as an elevator boy in Daytons Callahan Building and later as a page at a Dayton court house(Revell 11 ). He was forced to work at places such as these because some businesses were reluctant to hire him because of his race (Columbus). Dunbars first poetry collection, Oak and Ivy was published in 1892 (Howard). Oak and Ivy consisted of fifty-six poems, thirty-six of which were later discarded by Dunbar (Revell p.29) To help pay for the publishing fee and printing supplies he sold the book of poem to customers who rode the ele vator for $1.00 (Columbus). meanwhile he continued writing for various national newspapers and magazines for a little extra income. Paul 3 quickly achieved a reputation in his hometown as a poet and frequently was invited to recite his works for various clubs and organizations. Many times people would recommend his books to friends, spreading word of his talents (Howard). In general, Dunbars poetry was accepted and well-liked (Poupard). This landed him an invitation to recite his poetry at the first Worlds Fair at Chicago in 1893. Here, he worked as clerk at a Haitian pavilion where he met Fredrick Douglass and other black speakers and writers (Revell 102). Douglass called Paul Laurence Dunbar The most promising young colored man in America. (Howard). 1895 brought Dunbars move to Toledo, Ohio and the publishing of his second collection of poetry, Majors and Minors (Columbus). Eleven poems from Oak and Ivy were printed in Majors and Minors. (Revell, p.224). Its publishing was financed by his friends Dr. Henry A. Tobey and Charles H. Thatcher, an attorney. Majors and Minors caught the attention of a famous literary critic William Dean Howells. Howells favorable review of Dunbar in the Harpers Weekly made him nationally known overnight (Columbus). Howells pointed out that in history Negros have been gifted and successful in music, oratory, and many of the other arts, but Majors and Minors was the first 4 instance of and African-American who had evinced innate distinction in literature (Poupard). Following Howells review, New York publishing firm Dodd-Mead and Company combined Dunbars

Books By and About Marian Wright Edelman

Books By and About Marian Wright Edelman Some books by and about Marian Wright Edelman: Print Bibliography Marian Wright Edelman. The State of Americas Children, Yearbook 2002. Marian Wright Edelman. Im Your Child, God: Prayers for Our Children. 2002. Marian Wright Edelman. Guide My Feet: Prayers and Meditations for Our Children. 2000. Marian Wright Edelman. The State of Americans Children: Yearbook 2000 - A Report from the Childrens Defense Fund. 2000. Marian Wright Edelman. The State of Americas Children: A Report from the Childrens Defense Fund: Yearbook 1998. Marian Wright Edelman. Lanterns: A Memoir of Mentors. 1999. Marian Wright Edelman. The Measure of Our Success: A Letter to My Children Yours. 1992. Marian Wright Edelman. I Dream a World. 1989. Marian Wright Edelman. Families in Peril: An Agenda For Social Change. 1987. Marian Wright Edelman. Stand for Children. 1998. Ages 4-8. Joann Johansen Burch. Marian Wright Edelman: Childrens Champion. 1999. Ages 4-8. Wendie C. Old. Marian Wright Edelman: Fighter for Childrens Rights. 1995. Young Adult. Beatrice Siegel. Marian Wright Edelman: The Making of a Crusader. 1995. Ages 9-12. Andrew Carroll, editor. Introduction by Marian Wright Edelman. Letters of a Nation: A Collection of Extraordinary American Letters. Reprint 1999. Susan Skog, editor. Embracing Our Essence: Spiritual Conversations With Prominent Women. 1995.

Exploration of drug in a specific sport springing from Why should Essay

Exploration of drug in a specific sport springing from Why should Allow Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sport - Essay Example I plan to explore the need to use performance enhancing drugs in sports. Performance enhancing drugs have been used by athletes for a long time. Among these drugs are steroids whose use has attracted a lot of controversy and criticism (â€Å"Position Statement†). Steroids decrease the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) while increasing the level of lower-density lipoprotein (LDL) (â€Å"Anabolic Steroid Abuse†). Excessive use of steroids causes physiological feminization of male athletes and physiological masculinization of female athletes (â€Å"Steroids Vs Human†). There is lack of sufficient research regarding what are the safe levels of consumption of performance enhancing drugs in sports. For this research, I shall choose a particular sports i.e. swimming and find out the benefits of using performance enhancing drugs for the swimmers. This research will also identify safe levels of consumption of performance enhancing drugs for swimmers. Another outcome of this research will be testing the reliability and validity of information in the literature regarding the medical disadvantages of drug use in

Article meta-analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Article meta-analysis - Essay Example The article argues that the limited amount of earning in the labor market is implicated to the individual poverty and the difference in groups’ rates poverty. The main goal of the article was to give an alternative view of how labor markets work to generate poverty that provides that provides a richer basis for generating good policy advice. The article believes that the working class, who are the main contributors of the poverty, is seriously limited and flawed. Because of this, they provide a poor basis for generating good antipoverty policy advice (Swinton 221) Economic theory related to the issue As stated above, the article tried to expound the issue of poverty among the working class individuals from the economic point of view. The article argues that the kind of poverty affecting the working class occurs primarily due to the interaction between the supply and demand forces in a competitive market environment. It states that the difference in levels of poverty experience d by different families who are exposed to the same poverty standards occurs strictly from differences in the ownership of or willingness to supply labor. The article therefore, states that poverty, unemployment, or underemployment can be corrected only through adoption f efficient market processes. The article found out that the working class povert

Christian Gospel Essay Example for Free

Christian Gospel Essay What are some ways the Christian gospel is perceived in our Culture The Gospel of Christian is alleged in our traditions in many customs. Most people have the perception that if you are a Christian you feel you are holier than a non-believer. What they do not understand is that, when anyone makes the choice to become a Christian, they make life-long changes in their lives. On several occasions, friends and sometimes family become offended with the choices you make in becoming a Christian. In my life, my wife and I made the decision to become a Christians, we changed everything in our life, including the way we think. What are some specific moral, emotional, and intellectual reasons people may reject the Christian Gospel The main reasons individuals refuse the gospel is mainly due to their morals. Usually it is beliefs, marital status or political. Christianity weights a devotion to positive ethical regulations that several individuals think is old-fashioned, or prejudiced. People view Christians as being hypercritical and unenthusiastic to earn the right to be heard because of their attitudes. People who live a diverse lifestyle other than the Christian Gospel, we are not willing to dialog with someone. Christian Gospel is viewed as conflicting to intellectual learning. The majority of the bible is viewed as a leprechaun or myths, and several human beings are reluctant to obtain a firm glance at the worldly, for Christ’s life, fatality and renaissance. The Christian Gospel can be tough to grab a hold of, particularly for non-believers who really do not understand God’s love for his children. The fact that human beings do not understand that there is somebody that loves them unconditionally. Nevertheless, when people begin to understand and have a relationship with God, they start to give him their all and just dive in. What can Christians do to address these objections and better communicate the Christian gospel? To be honest, Christians should reserve themselves from the noisily hypercritical, the fakes. Our actions should always speak louder than words. People should see in Christians, the Jesus in them. By caring for those individuals who are still living in sin, like Jesus did, we get the right to heard. Just accusing people, and performing or behaving ungodly, in which you are acting no different from the non-believers, will not conquer the objections of the humankind.

The Killing of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern :: essays research papers

The Killing of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Hamlet's own Philosophic view. In terms of Hamlet's own philosophic view, the killing of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern is very out-of-character. Hamlet is an intellectual, and therefore believes that killing is not a necessary solution (this could also relate to why he hesitates so long at killing Claudius). He does this more out of anger and revenge than out of his own will and good judgement. As somewhat of a justification he says, "Ere I could make a prologue to my brains, They had begun the play-", proving that, given time to think about his actions, he probably would not have done it. Hamlet's goal of Revenge As far as his goals of revenge go; yes this was an act of personal vengeance for Hamlet, but it did nothing to aid in his ordered revenge of his father's death. Although somewhat justifiable, as the two were conspiring with the king against him, their deaths were not very practical. It is, in fact, completely plausible that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern had no idea of the contents of the letters they carried, thus nullifying the whole point of the revenge put upon them, and putting the deaths of two innocents on Hamlet's head. If they did know what the letters contained, however, it was one of Hamlet's high points in the play. He actually accomplishes something instead of analyzing it to death, displaying the kind of action he should have taken towards killing Claudius. In Terms of Today's Moral Standards Crimes of passion are the most common crimes that result in death and Hamlets actions displayed just that. He was anger driven, and blind to reason, reacting emotionally, without thinking too much about the end results or circumstances of his deed.

Peculiar Institution Essay

On September 23, 1861 Mrs. E. A. Spaulding of Central Village Windham County wrote Abraham Lincoln about the Peculiar Institution or Slavery. She believed that until it â€Å"is abolished, civilization is impeded, humanity languishes and our boasted land of freedom is a practical lie. † Two prominent persons of the era, John C. Calhoun and James Henry Hammond, thought the contrary. Calhoun and Hammond were strong defenders of Slavery. In his Mudsill Speech of 1858, Hammond justified the use of slaves through the Mudsill theory. He said that in order for the upper class to be able to push the country forward, there had to be a lower class to support it. The lower class was needed to do the dirty job and the easy tasks. They were the ones with less intelligence and talent but had the energy, subservience and loyalty demanded by the job, referring to the Africans. In the North, the laborers were not paid enough. They had to work long hours and some ended up as beggars. There were many beggars in the North, but there were none in the South. The slaves in the South enjoyed lifetime employment and because they were well paid, they did not have to beg, did not go hungry, were never out of jobs and neither did they have to work more than what they can do in a day. The slaves in the South were Blacks. They were from a different and inferior race. In working for slave owners in the South, their life had greatly improved. They had simple desires, little ambitions and they wanted no more than those. Both owners and slaves had no conflicts to disturb the peace of their days. In the case of the North, their slaves were their own race. Hammond believed that such a situation can be humiliating for the slaves, though they are the majority. As this majority had voting rights, they were actually more powerful. With such power they can create the most trouble for their employers. In his Disquisition on Government, Calhoun disagreed with the Founding Father’s idea of the rights of individuals. He believed that it was not true that people were born free and equal. The condition of life of the Blacks, being the inferior, had been improved by Slavery. They had become civilized, and their moral, physical and intellectual circumstances had changed for the better. Historically, there was never a society where part of it did not depend on the efforts of the other. The living and working conditions of the South were much better than those in the North. The Southern slave owners took care of his slaves and their families and were not subjected to the constant and unsettling labor problems in the North. Calhoun’s strongest argument against the Abolitionists was that protection of domestic institutions was granted exclusively to the states. Since Slavery was a peculiar institution to the South, attempts by other states to abolish it was defiance of the Constitution. Pro Slavery advocates cited Biblical references to argue that slavery was allowed by the Lord and intended for it to continue. Exodus 21:5-6, the slave says â€Å"I love my wife, my master and my children, I will not go free. † †¦. nd that â€Å"he (slave) shall serve him (master) for life. In Ephesians 6:5, God instructs â€Å"Servants, obey your masters of this world with fear and respect, with simplicity of heart, as if obeying Christ. † In Genesis 9:26, Noah prayed to the Lord, â€Å"Blessed be Yahweh, God of Shem, let Canaan be his slave. † Titus 2:9 says â€Å"Teach slaves to be subject to their masters †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Colossians 3:22 instructs â€Å"Servants obey your masters in everything not only while they are present, to gain favor with them, but because you fear the Lord. In all these, the advocates believe that slavery did not go against the spiritual teachings. There were also economic considerations in the use of slaves to work in Southern plantations. They were the most cost-efficient, available laborers. Their owners realized big returns of investments that they were able to give their slaves decent and comfortable lives, by way of homes, clothing, medical care and assurance of a stable future. The slave and their owners had a paternalistic relationship where the latter took care of the slaves like family.

Businesses, economic and social questions - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 27 Words: 8177 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION: Many businesses, economic and social questions are not amenable to a simple YES or No answer. Every business needs some clarification or discussion. Solutions can be presented and every criterion can be either accepted or rejected. To consider the arguments and indeed the facts presented, the completeness of current information and the requirements for new information need to be assessed. Decision maker not only need the DATA but also need to evaluate the quality of the data. One Dictionary definition of data is things known and from which inferences may be deduced. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Businesses, economic and social questions" essay for you Create order Data refers to information or facts usually collected as the result of experience, observation or experiment, or processes within a computer system, or premises. Data may consist of numbers, words, or images, particularly as measurements or observations of a set of variables. Data are often viewed as a lowest level of abstraction from which information and knowledge are derived. Data in business means numerical values such as size of a business, its profitability, its product range, the features of the workforce and host of other factor. However numbers alone cannot give clear understanding of the business problems therefore it is important to consider the entire factor that affects the business during its existence such as legal, economic, culture and etc. In general business, require a multi disciplinary approach. The completeness of data is always a problem for the decision maker. Collection of data is always vast, but it depends on the decision maker to decide whether the current data is enough or more additional has to be collected. Collection data is a tedious job and costly also. The main issue for the decision maker is that whether the data has some quality information or no. Data that has bias or is misleading can damage any effective decision making process which can further affect the profit in future. Data can be collected by different sources and most people underestimate the number of sources and the amount of data within each of these data: Paper based sourced: It is books, journals, periodicals, abstract, indexes, directories, research reports, conference papers, markets reports, annual reports, internal record, magazines, newspaper. Electronic based sources: CD-ROMs, online database, Internet, videos and broadcast. Pre-collection activity is the most crucial steps in the collection of data. There is always a formal need of checking the data collected so as to ensures that the data collected defined and accurate and the finding in the collection of data are valid and not bias. In this Globalization century it is important to be abreast with the updated information and data so as to have a competitive edge. 1. Company Overview: My research is based on Dominos: Starting in business with his brother James in 1960, Tom Monaghan brought a pizza store named DomiNicks in Ypsilanti, Michigan. A year later, James traded his interest in the store for a Volkswagen. Tom formed another partnership and, during the next three years, continued to open stores in Mt Pleasant, Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti. In 1965 that partnership was dissolved, leaving Tom with one store in Ann Arbor and two in Ypsilanti. When Tom was searching for the name for his new corporation, a driver suggested the name Dominos. The name was adopted and Tom helped create the now familiar red and white three-dot logo. Through hard work and dedicated team, Dominos grew into international leader in the pizza delivery industry, with over 8,000 stores in 50+ markets. December 1998, saw a change in ownership for Dominos pizza when Bain Capital, a Boston based private equity investment firm, purchased Dominos from Mr. Monaghan. The new leadership has brought an even stronger focus to operational quality and growth, as well as renewed commitment to recruiting and developing exceptional people. To forward the goals, David A Brandon was named Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Dominos Pizza, LLC in March, 1999. Dominos pizza first opened its UK store in 1985 and has over 500 stores now in UK and Ireland. TASK 1: 1. Sources of Data Collection: Nowadays data collection is become very important in this Economic world .When there are many business ,economic, and social question they are not amendable by a simple yes or no, So here to consider the argument and indeed the facts presented, the completeness of current information and the requirement for new information need to be assessed. According to Jon Curwin and Roger Slater, Third edition 1991, stated that one dictionary definition of data is things known and from which inferences may be induced Appraisal and market studies use two types of data- Primary data and Secondary Data. All the data collected should be current, relevant, accurate and conceptually correct. Primary data and Secondary data are defined in The Dictionary of Real Estate Appraisal as follow: Information that a researcher gathers first hand is primary data. Information from secondary sources i.e. not directly complied by the analyst may include published and unpublished work based on research that relies on primary sources of any material other than primary sources used to be prepare a written work. Decision makers not only data but also the quality of the data because Data that are bias or misleading can damage any effective decision-making process. Whenever we look at data or consider data collection we need to ask what is the problem? or what is the question?Basically there are two types of sources of data 1) Primary Data and 2) Secondary Data. A) PRIMARY DATA: Primary data is facts and information collected specifically for the purpose of the investigation at hand. Primary data is collected specifically to address the problem in question and is conducted by the decision maker, marketing firm, a university and etc. Primary data cannot found elsewhere. Primary data may be collected through surveys, focus groups or in depth interviews, or through experiments such as taste tests. According to Jon Curwin and Roger Slater, Third edition 1991, stated that a statistical enquiry may require the collection of new data, referred to as primary data, or be able to use existing data, Primary data is its collection for a specific project. Advantages: Basic data are included in primary data collection. It is unbiased information It is the information that is collected originally. Disadvantages: Data collected is large in volume It is time consuming Direct and personal intervention has to be there to collect the data The data collected is raw. For example: A distribution census, taken every five years, dealing with retail data Population census which has been carried out in the U.K in every 10years since 1801 ,this exercise gives highly detailed information and reflect data from all part of the population EXAMPLE: Metro Newspaper, Thursday, May 14, 2009. BANKS are slowing down Britains economic recovery by not lending, it was claimed yesterday. The Banks- some of which have been propped up with billions from the taxpayer- are displaying an extreme level of risk aversion when lending to businesses and households, Banks of England governor Mervyn King said. The warning came as the Bank predicted the economy would shrink by 4.5 per cent at the peak of the recession in the summer. Consumer price inflation currently at 2.9 per cent target this year. However, a weak pound, the impact of 0.5 per cent interest rates and government spending offered hope of recovery, Mr King added in his quarterly inflation report. https://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-934872/Primary-and-secondary-data-concepts.html B) TYPES OF METHODS OF COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA: Questionnaire Interviews Focus Group Interviews 1. Questionnaire: Questionnaire are a popular means of collecting data, but are difficult to design and often require many rewrites before an acceptable questionnaire produced. Questionnaire is the series of question to be asked to an individual so as to obtain statistically useful information about any given task. It became a vital instrument if it is constructed and responsibly administered. It is frequently used in quantitative marketing research and social research. They are valuable method of collecting a wide range of information from large number of individuals, often they are referred to as respondents. Good questionnaire construction is important for the success of a survey. Inappropriate question, incorrect order of question, incorrect scaling, and bad format can make the questionnaire worthless. In order to have a successful questionnaire it is important to have the subset of target respondent to be tested first. Advantages: It can be used as a method in its own right or as a basis for interviewing or a telephone survey. It can be posted, emailed or faxed. It can be used for large volume of people or organization It has wide geographic coverage. It is relatively cheaper No prior arrangements are needed. It avoids embarrassment on the part of the respondent. Respondent can consider responses. There is a possibility of respondent being anonymous There is no Interviews bias. Disadvantages: Designing the questionnaire is a problem Questions have to be relatively simple. It has low response rate. It is time consuming whilst waiting for the response to be returned. It requires return deadline. Several remainders are required while conducting the questionnaire. It assumes no literacy problems. There is no control over who completes the questionnaire. It is not possible to give assistant if required. There is a problem with incomplete questionnaire. The replies are not spontaneous and independent of each other. Respondent can read all questions beforehand and then decide whether to complete or not may be because it is too long complex, uninteresting, or too personal 1.1 SUCCESSFUL QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN: To be successful, a questionnaire needs both a logical structure and well thought out questions. The structure of the questionnaire should have a flow from question to question and from topic to topic, just like the conversation between two people. Any radical jump between questions or topic would create a problem or confusion to the respondent. It is often suggested that a successful and useful technique is to move from general to specific questions on any particular issue. The Gallup organization has suggested that there are five possible objectives for a question: To find if the respondent is aware of the issue To get general feelings on an issue To get answer on specific parts of the issue To get reasons for a respondents views To find how strongly these views are held 1.2 DESIGN OF POSTAL QUESTIONNAIRE: Theme and covering letter: The general theme of the questionnaire should be explicit in a covering letter. You should state who you are, why the data is required, give if necessary, an assurance of confidentially and/or anonymity and contact number and address or telephone number. This ensures that what respondent is known what they are committing. If possible, you should offer estimate time for completion. Instruction for return should be included with the return date made obvious. Instruction for completion: You need to provide clear and unambiguous instruction for completion. There should be a general instruction for particular question structure. The response method should be indicated (circle, tick, cross and etc). Even example can be given to make question clearer. Appearance: Appearance is the first thing which the recipient reacts. A neat and professional look will encourage further consideration of request, increasing your response. To improve the questionnaire appearance: Liberal spacing makes the reading easier. Photo reduction can produce more space without reducing content. Consistent positioning of response boxes, usually to the right speeds up completion. Choose the font style to maximize legibility Differentiate between instruction and question. Length The length of the questionnaire should not be that long because this could affect the completion of it and respondent may be uninterested to complete. Order: The most important and crucial stage in questionnaire is the beginning. Once the respondents have started to complete the question they will normally finish provided if it not too long or difficult. Coding: It is advisable non numerical responses when designing the questionnaire rather than trying to code the responses when they are returned. Thank you: Respondents to questionnaire rarely benefits personally from their efforts and the least the researcher can do is to thank them. Even though the covering letter will express appreciation for the help given, but it is always advisable to thank the respondent at the end of the questionnaire. Question: Question asked should be short, simple and to the point avoid any unnecessary words. It shouldnt confuse the respondent as it could affect the completion of questionnaire. Types of Questions: Contingency question: A question that is answered only if the respondent gives a particular response to a previous question. This avoids asking questions of people that do not apply to them. Matrix question: Identical response categories to multiple questions. The question are placed one under the other, forming a matrix with response categories along the top and a list of question down the side. This is efficient use of page space and respondents time. Close ended question: Respondents answers are very limited to a fixed set of responses. Other types of closed ended question include: Yes or No question: The respondent answer with a yes or a no. Multiple choices: The respondents are given with several options from which to choose. Scaled question: Responses are graded on a scale for e.g. rate the food quality scale from 1 to 10, with 1 being the least preferred and with 10 being most preferred. Open ended question: No option or predefined categories are suggested. The respondent gives their own answer without being constrained by fixed set of possible responses. 2) Interviews: Interviewing is a technique that is primarily used to gain an understanding of the underlying reasons and motivation for people attitudes, preferences or behavior. Interviews can be undertaken one to one basis or in group. There different types of interview that can be conducted such as personal interview and telephone interview. Interviews can be structured, semi structured and unstructured. A personal interview has a serious approach by respondent resulting in accurate information. It has good response rate with completed and immediate. Interviewer can also give help to the interviewee if in case it requires some help. There is need to the setup interviews. It is time consuming and expensive. Interviewer can even ask some personal question which could be embarrassing for the respondent. Telephone interview is an alternative form of interview to the personal, face to face interview. It is relatively cheaper, quick and has wider coverage. It has high rate of spontaneous response. Telephone interview is often connected with selling. It often requires questionnaire. Time is wasted if lines get disconnected and if call backs are given it could make the respondent irritate. A strong telephone manner is needed to handle the question raised by the respondent. 3) Focus Group interview: A focus group is an interview conducted by a trained moderator with a small group of respondent. The moderator starts the discussion and then leads the same. The main purpose of the focus groups is to get the insight or complete knowledge by listening to a group of people from the targeted market about the specific issues of interest. SECONDARY DATA: All methods of data collection can supply quantitative data or qualitative data. When using secondary research, one must be caution when using dated information from the past. Secondary data is facts and information gathered not for the immediate study at hand but for the purpose. Secondary data is data which has been collected by individuals or agencies for purposes other those of our particular research study. Common sources of secondary data for social science include censuses, large surveys and organizational records. Secondary data is a data which is collected from primary data to create new research. A secondary data source is a summary of a book or set of records. Secondary data, Sources of primary data include observation, group discussions and the use of questionnaires. Advantages: It is easily accessible and saves time that would otherwise be required for collecting data. The cost to access secondary data is little or no cost to acquire. Secondary data helps to clarify the research focus or question. Disadvantages: Quality of research is questionable because the secondary data is originated from primary data research which is collected and controlled by the marketer itself. In many cases, secondary data is not well presented in a form that exactly meets the researchers needs. In secondary research, much information is incomplete because the researcher may not get the full version of the research to gain the full value of the study. This is because many researcher suppliers offers free portions of their research and then charge expensive fees for their full reports. Example: Data collected by the hotels or the organization through its history system. Data supplied by a marketing organization Annual company reports Government statistics Secondary Data Analysis: Secondary data analysis is commonly known as second hand analysis. It is simply analysis of pre-existed data in a different way to answer a different question than originally needed. It analysis the data that was collected by someone else and uses it in for further study that is intended to complete. Secondary data can be gathered by internal and external source of data collection. Where internal sources includes sales data, reports data, financial data, Transport data, storage data and external sources includes government statistics, trade association, and commercial services There are common sources of collecting secondary data such as from Bureau of the census, the Bureau of Labor Statistics and various other agencies. Example: U.S Bureau of the census has kept track of the census of the population for over two hundred years. Moreover, the census includes housing, the labor force, manufacturers, business, agriculture and so on. Census data can be used for various research questions. Anyone has access to the large amount of information nearly one hundred surveys, by visiting their website at (https://www.census.gov). Bureau of Labor Statistics collects information or data on employment, industrial relations, prices, earning, living condition, technology and productivity. Report is out every month in this bureau and they can be viewed at (https://stats.bls.gov ) International Data Sources is a strong source for comparative researchers and can deal with economic aspects, including political events across many other nations. In Europe, a Euro barometer Survey Series is used to publish reports on social and political events in the country. The Design and purpose of research: Secondary data analysis means collecting the data which is collected by some other person and using the same data for understanding the current issue or problem face by the researcher. It is important to have a well defined research type which in turn would help the research to be successful. In order to use the secondary data three steps must be completed: Locate the data Evaluate the data Verify the data Collecting data is easy online but to verify the data whether they care up-to-date or current is important. Therefore it is important to be alert and cautious while using the online sources while collecting the data Example: Ethnicity, discrimination and health outcomes: a secondary analysis of hospital data from Victoria, Australia In this study, secondary data was used in the form of hospital discharge abstract for the state of Victoria in Australia. The variables that were looked at were a persons country of birth and the quality of care they received in a universal health care system. It was secondary data because it had already been collected by the hospital in the way of their charts and discharge abstracts. The researchers were simply looking at the data and the relationship between the listed country of birth and what type of care was listed. The goal of the research was to explore the relationship between a person ethnic background and the amount of care they received from the hospital. The researchers were interested in developing a preliminary set of data that would allow them to develop methods to study the issue further. The discharge abstract contained demographic and clinical information about each patient. From the abstract the researcher separated the patient into three groups. The first being Australian or English patients. The second group consisted of patients who did not visibly appear to be minority e.g. people from Europe, South and Central American. The third group contained people that were visible minorities e.g. Middle Easterners, Asians, Africans and Pacific Islanders. Dominos strives to excel in customers satisfaction. Its major competitors are Perfect Pizza with over 200 outlets, Pizza Hut with over 170 restaurants and also small pizza delivery business; it is believed that there are as many as 4,000 pizza delivery companies in UK. It is important to have updated knowledge about the market so as to survive the recession. Dominos store in UK conducted the questionnaire to have clear idea about the market needs and customer expectation. DOMINOS PIZZA 315 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4HH Telephone: 020 8995 4555 https://www.dominos.uk.com/people/Current_Positions.aspx Q1) Do you use fast food service in the area? Q2) Which fast food services do you use (if any)? Kebab Sandwiches Pizza Fish and Chips None Q3) What type of fast food do you prefer? Kebab Sandwiches Pizza Fish and Chips None Q4) What else do you buy when purchasing fast food? Carbonated (fizzy) drinks Coffee, Tea Other Q5) What time do you use fast food service? Before 11am Between 11am to 2pm Between 2pm to 10pm After 10pm Q6) How often do you use fast food services? Once a week Twice a week Once a month Other Q7) How much are you prepared to pay for the fast food? Less than 10 Between 10 to 20 Over 20 Thank you for your help! TASK 2: TECHNIQUES TO ANALYSE DATA: Data which is collected needs to be analyzed and then interpreted or technique to presented in the form that is self explanatory and easily understandable. Therefore, it is important to know the process that is included in process of analyzing the data. Data analysis is the process of gathering, modeling, and transforming data with the goal of highlighting useful information, suggesting conclusion and supporting decision making. Data analysis has multiple ways, approaches and technique. The main task is to interpret the information or the data that is collected. There are various ways to interpret the data in a simple for easy understanding. Interpretation of data is important for making a decision for the business. There are different ways or methods how a data can be interpreted, that is: Method1: Graphical presentation Method 2: Mean, Median and Mode Method 3: Quartile, percentile and Standard deviation. Method 1: Graphically presentation: The easiest way to present the data is through graphs and diagrams. There are different graphical presentations that are used for interpreting the data or presenting the data. To show the relationship between two variables we use graphs and diagrams. Using graph can have quick and direct understanding. It highlights the most important facts. It gives easy understanding of the data and can have a long lasting impression. Graph can be used when the data is dispersed, few or numerous and has little or no variation. Below is the detail for the local garage which is facing the fierce competition and wants to compete in the market with the reasonable prices. HISTOGRAM: Histogram is the popular graphing tool. It is used to explain discrete or continuous data that are measured on an interval scale. It is often used to present the distribution of data that is collected for the purpose. It divides the range of values in the data set into group classes. Histogram is more similar to vertical bar graph but when the data are continuous, there are no gaps between the bars. When the variables are discrete, gaps should be left the between the bars. In histogram, frequency is measured by the area of the column and in a vertical bar graph; frequency is measured by the height of the bar. Histogram graphically shows: Center (i.e. the location) of the data Spread (i.e. the scale) of the data skewness of the data presence of outliers and Presence of multiple modes in the data. The most common form of the histogram is taken by dividing the range of data into equal classes. That is, Vertical axis: frequency Horizontal axis: Response variable The histogram is a popular graphing tool used in the presentation of the data. It is used to summaries discrete or continuous data that are measured on an interval scale. It is often used to represent the major features of the distribution of the data in an easy form. The October costs of the garage. 225 237 470 319 209 430 430 246 360 475 277 241 447 430 211 425 347 339 243 310 345 214 265 389 390 219 250 489 257 475 259 493 278 390 287 388 234 490 237 346 240 278 248 375 288 460 478 350 326 459 220 289 399 299 In the data the costs of the servicing may be grouped into classes as follow: October costs Frequency Tally 200-300 |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| 25 300-400 |||| |||| |||| 15 400-500 |||| |||| |||| 14 Tabulated (grouped) continuous data Method 2: Mean, Median and Mode are the most commonly used forms of average for the most business data. Each has its own characteristics, and whilst it will be possible to use them interchangeably with some data sets, for others there will be a single average which will be most appropriate. One consideration will be the type of the data with which we are dealing is it categorical, ordinal or cardinal; secondly we must ask if the data is discrete or continuous. 2.1 Mean: The arithmetic mean is the name used for the simple average which you can already calculate. Almost everyone understands this average and thus it will succeed in communicating the concepts of the location of the data to a wide range of people. It does not apply to the apply to the categorical data and its interpretation when used with ordinal data is to open to considerable doubt. When used with discrete data it may give an answer which cannot occur, for example fractional number of people. This is the most commonly used average. The mean is calculated by adding the given values and then dividing the sum by the number of addends. Potential Problem: If you have a large number of small values with a few very large values in your sample, mean averages get skewed: the mean is nearer to the bigger values even though the small values there are smaller numbers. If you have a few small values and a few large values, the mean average can get skewed this way too. If you have one, or more, outlying values that do not follow the general trend of the numbers in a sample, the mean average can be affected more dramatically than intended. There are different ways of calculating Mean in different Data: 2.1.a) Untabulated data: Suppose that there are number of people were 7, 5, 6, 7 and 8. To calculate the mean, we would add all the numbers together to find the total number of people taken, and then divide by the number of values included. Here, the mean would be: That is, / 5 =33/5 =6.6 In the above example, x is pronounced as x bar is the symbol used to represent used to represent the Mean. is pronounced as sigma is an instruction to sum the values and n is the number of the values. Since the data we have used is continuous, cardinal data, this is a realistic. It sometime states that mean means average. The mean is the arithmetic average of a set values or distribution. 2.2 Median: The median represent the value of the middle item of an ordered list of data. It is becoming more widely used and more generally accepted and will thus communicate to a relatively wide range of people. Median can be appropriate if mean is proved to be misleading. It is again really useful for cardinal data. When used with the discrete data it will generally give an answer which has actually occurred in the data set. 2.2 b) There are different ways of calculating Median in different Data: Untabulated data Suppose there are number of people were 7, 5, 6, 7 and 8. Then to find the Median we first have to arrange the data so that it is in numerical order. 5, 6, 7, 7, 8 Since there are five numbers in the data, the middle one must be the third. Counting from either side, it give us the number as 7as the Median. As there were just five number it was easy to find the Median, but if there were ten number then we would take fifth and sixth number and then give a Median value by adding the value of the fifth and sixth number and dividing it by number 2 Note: The value we get will not be there in the data that we have arranged but the answer will not be incorrect as we have averaged the two numbers. 2.3 Mode: In statistics, the mode is the value which occurs the most frequently in a data set. It may not be unique for certain data sets but it does apply to all types of data. The mode is not necessarily unique, since the same maximum frequency may be attained at different values. Where the mean has problems with representativeness, mode focuses on the most common numbers and gives less or no attention to less frequently occurring numbers. Potential Problems Mode is less useful when you have a lot of values that are close together but have not been rounded to the nearest whole number. This means an inaccurate mode of the numbers will be taken. It would be better in this example to round the numbers first before using mode. 2.3 c) There is different ways of calculating Mode in different Data: Untabulated data There are number of people waiting in the queue 7, 5, 6, 7, 7 and 8. The use of the mode for simple data is only a question of observation, looking for the most frequently occurring value Then with the given data 7, 5, 6, 7, 7, 8 We can easily say the number that occur frequently is number 7, therefore the Mode is number 7.This gives a value which does actually occur in the data and will apply whether data is discrete or continuous, and whether it is cardinal, ordinal or categorical. To solve Mean, Median and Mode in a given example: Example: If the heights of the first seven person who enter the theatre are 65 in, 72 in, 75 in, 67 in, 60 in, 65 in, find if possible, the mean The listed heights are called as Data. From the data we determine Mean 65 + 72 + 75 + 67 + 60 + 65 + 65 = 469 in There are 7 addends, so 469 ^ 7 = 67 in Median = 60 + 65 + 65 + (65) + 67 + 72 + 75 in. The centre value is the fourth one, 65 in. Thus: The Mean height is 67 in. The Median height is 65 in. The Mode height is 65 in. Standard Deviation: The standard deviation measures the spread of the data about the mean value. It is useful in comparing sets of data which may have the same mean but a different range Standard Deviation becomes: Lower case sigma means standard deviation. Capital sigma means the sum of. x bar means the mean Method 3: 1) Quartile: A quartile is any of the three values which divide the sorted data set into four equal parts, so that each part represent one fourth of the sample. First quartile(designated Q1)= lower quartile=cuts off lowest 25% of data=25th percentile Second quartile(designated Q2)=median=cuts data set in half=50th percentile Third quartile(designated Q3)=upper quartile=cuts off highest 25% of data, or lowest 75%=75th percentile The difference between the upper and lower quartile is called the interquartile range. There is no universal agreement on choosing the quartile values. The formula for the position of the observation at a given percentile, y with n data points in ascending order is: Suppose there is a data set given: 6, 47, 49, 15, 42, 41, 7, 39, 43, 40, and 36. Ordered Data Set: 6, 7, 15, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 47, and 49. Q1 = 15 Q2 = 40 Q3 = 43 Interquartile range also called as midspread or middle fifty. Data set in a plain-text box plot ++-+ o * |-| | || ++-+ +++++++++++++ number line 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 For this data set: lower (first) quartile (Q1, x.25) = 7 median (second quartile) (Med, x.5) = 8.5 upper (third) quartile (Q3, x.75) = 9 interquartile range, IQR = Q3 Q1 = 2 2) Percentile: Percentile (or centile) is the value of a variable below which a certain percent of observation fall. One quartile is equivalent to 25 percentile while 1 decile is equal to 10 percentile. Below is the detail for the local garage which is facing the fierce competition and wants to compete in the market with the reasonable prices. The October costs of the garage. 225 237 470 319 209 430 430 246 360 475 277 241 447 430 211 425 347 339 243 310 345 214 265 389 390 219 250 489 257 475 259 493 278 390 287 388 234 490 237 346 240 278 248 375 288 460 478 350 326 459 220 289 399 299 Service Cost No. of cars Class Mark F X Fx cf fx2 x2 100-200 0 150 0 0 0 22500 200-300 25 250 6250 25 1562500 62500 300-400 15 350 5250 40 1837500 122500 400-500 14 450 6300 54 2835000 202500 Total 54 17800 6235000 410000 Mean, Median and Mode are as follows: Mean: = 329.62 Median: N= 54 Therefore, Median = 54 / 2 = 27. The median lies in the class interval 300-400 So, Median = = = 300 + 13.33 = 313.33 Where: M= Median f =frequency of the class interval 300-400 c = cumulative frequency of the class interval Mode: The Modal class is 200-300 against the highest frequency 25 So, Mode = = 2 = 2 = 271 Where: The Modal class is 200-300 against the highest frequency 25. =frequency for the class interval 100-200 Frequency for the class interval 200-300 =frequency for the class interval 100-200 Standard Deviation: = 115462.963 108655.693 = 6807.27 = 82.50 Quartile: a) Q1=n*1/4 Therefore, q1= 54*1/4 = 13.50 Q1 lies in the class interval 200-300 Q1 = = =200 + 54 =254 b) Q2=n*2/4 Therefore, q2= 54*2/4 = 27 Q2 lies in the class interval 300-400. Q2 = =300 =300 + 44.44 =344.44 c) Q3=n*3/4 Therefore, q3= 54*3/4 = 40.50 Q3 lies in the class interval 400-500 Q3 = = =400 + 50 =400 +3.57 =403.57 Q3 lies in the class interval 400-500 d) Q4=n*4/4 Therefore, q4= 54*4/4 = 54 Q4 lies in the class interval 400-500. Q4 = =4 =400 + 100 =500 TASK 3: Trevor plc business scenario can be explained by using different types of graphs as follow. A) Pie Chart (description of components) B) Horizontal bar graph ( comparison of items and relationship, time series) C) Vertical bar graph ( comparison of items and relationships, time series, frequency distribution) D) Line graph ( time series and frequency distribution) E) Scatter graph (analysis relationship ) Year Model 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 BMW 4M 4.2M 5M 5.5M 6.6M Mercedes 6M 6.3M 6.9M 7M 7.8M Lexus 2M 2.1M 2.3M 2.5M 2.9M Jaguar 3M 3M 2.5M 2M 2.2M A) PIE DIAGRAM: Pie diagram is a circle which is divided into number of parts which suggest the contribution of each data collected. The area of each segment is the same proportion of a circle as the category is of the total data set. It usually shows the component parts as a whole. Often you will see a segment of drawing separated from the rest of the pie in order to emphasis an important piece of information. The use of the pie chart is very popular and gives an easy explanation that last for long lasting impression. It has a visual concept of the whole (100%). Pie charts are one of the most commonly used charts as it is easy to use. There are basically two common problem faced by the pie charts, firstly that if the component is more than it is complex to divide and explain each one of them. If the components are similar than it is difficult to see the difference between the sizes. Year Model 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 BMW 4M 4.2M 5M 5.5M 6.6M Mercedes 6M 6.3M 6.9M 7M 7.8M Lexus 2M 2.1M 2.3M 2.5M 2.9M Jaguar 3M 3M 2.5M 2M 2.2M YEAR 2005: BMW = 4/15*360 = 96% Mercedes = 6/15*360 = 144% Lexus = 2/15*360 =48% Jaguar = 3/15*360 =72% Diagram 2005: YEAR 2006 BMW = 4.2/15.6*360 = 96.90% Mercedes = 6.3/15.6 *360 = 145.40% Lexus = 2.1/15.6 *360 = 48.50% Jaguar = 3/15.6*360 = 69.20% Diagram 2006: YEAR 2007: BMW = 5/16.70*360 = 107.80% Mercedes = 6.9/16.70 *360 = 148.70% Lexus = 2.3/16.70 *360 = 49.60% Jaguar = 2.5/16.70*360 = 53.90% Diagram 2007: YEAR 2008: BMW = 5.5/17*360 = 116.50% Mercedes = 7/17*360 = 148.20% Lexus = 2.5/17*360 = 52.90% Jaguar = 2/17*360 = 42.40% Diagram 2008: YEAR 2009: BMW: 6.6/19.50*360 =121.84% Mercedes: 7.8/19.50*360 =144% Lexus: 2.9/19.50*360 =53.54% Jaguar: 2.2/19.50*360 =40.62% Diagram 2009: Hence, According to the pie charts above the Mercedes have the highest percentage compare to all the years. This clearly shows the sales for the model of Mercedes were greatest. Hence, the predicted sales for Mercedes in year 2009 against the cars models would be highest as assumed. B) Horizontal bar graph (comparison of items and relationship, time series) Horizontal is one of the type of bar graph .A bar graph may be either horizontal or vertical. Horizontal bar graph is one of the many techniques used to present data in a visual form. This graph uses the y axis (vertical line) for labeling. There is more room to fit text labels for categorical variable on the y axis. The horizontal bar graph has been used to show a comparison of the data collected. This graph is the best method to present the type of information because the labels at times are too long to appear clear on the x axis. Hence, According to the Horizontal bar diagram above the Mercedes have the highest percentage compare to all the years. This clearly shows the sales for the model of Mercedes were greatest. Hence, the predicted sales for Mercedes in year 2009 against the cars models would be highest as assumed. C) Vertical bar graph (comparison of items and relationships, time series, frequency distribution) Vertical bar graph is particularly useful for the time series data. The space for labels on the x axis is small, but it is ideal for smaller words or numbers such as years, minutes, hours and months. The group vertical graph is another effective means so comparing sets of data about the same places or items. This type of vertical group graph gives two or more information of every item on the same axis. This makes the comparison easier on the same graph by age group, sex race and so on. But if there is too many data to compare than it become too cluttered and confusing to compare. The disadvantage of vertical graph is that it gives less space to write full information about the data on the axis. Hence, According to the Vertical chart above the Mercedes have the highest percentage compare to all the years. This clearly shows the sales for the model of Mercedes were greatest. Hence, the predicted sales for Mercedes in year 2009 against the cars models would be highest as assumed. D) Line graph (time series and frequency distribution) A Line graph is a visual comparison of how variable shown on x axis and y axis related or vary with each other. Line graph compares two variable: one is plotted along on axis (horizontal) and other along is on the y axis. The y axis in a line graph usually indicates quantity or percentage, while the horizontal x axis often measure units of time. Line graph are able to show relationship more clearly than tables do. It shows the specific values of data well, it is reveals the trends and the relationship between data and shows the comparison of different group of variable. Hence, According to the line charts above the Mercedes have the highest percentage compare to all the years. This clearly shows the sales for the model of Mercedes were greatest. Hence, the predicted sales for Mercedes in year 2009 against the cars models would be highest as assumed. F) Scatter graph (analysis relationship ) A scatter plot only specifies variables or independent variables when a variable that is under the control of the experimenter. If a parameter exists that is systematically incremented or decremented is called as control parameter or independent variable and it is plotted on horizontal axis. The measures or dependent variable is plotted along the vertical axis. The scatter diagram is one of the basic tools of quality control. Diagram 2005 2006: Series 1 = 2005 sales Series 2 = 2006 sales Diagram 2007 2008: Diagram 2008 2009 Hence, in the scatter chart Mercedes has the highest sales irrespective of which years are compared. This proves that the assumed sales for Mercedes for the year 2009 would again be highest. The company started commission scheme back in 2005 which entitles the salesmen a share of profit depending on certain factors. Commissions so far paid to the salesman are given below. year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Commission 15,000 15,500 16,700 17,000 17,700 There have been a increase in commission consecutively for all salesman and therefore the commission for the year 2009 as predictable will yield more commission for the salesman as shown in the above diagram. TASK 4: Summary: Every organization needs to have updated information about the data to make the decision at operational, tactical and strategic levels in organization. Success or failure of any organization largely depends upon the decision taken by the higher authority which further depends on the data or information taken into consideration. Operational plans include the goals of an internal organization, working group or department which needs to be achieved so that the organization works smoothly and efficiently. Management is classified into three different parts: Top level Middle level Operational level Top level makes all the strategic decision for the company, Middle level is responsible for solving and tackling the problems that cannot be solved or which needs to have an acceptance from the authority and operational level takes all the decision at operational level. It is therefore important to have an updated and complete information system in any organization to face the competition and have higher efficiencies. Information is a resource that is scarce, costly and can be used as an alternative choice. Information is needed to ensure effective and efficient decision making leading to prosperity of the organization. Information that supports management decision making not only for day to day business decision but also supports at strategic, tactical and operational planning, monitoring and control. INTRANET: An INTRANET can be understood as private version of the internet, or as a private extension of the internet confined to an organization. An intranet is a private computer network that uses internet technologies to share any of an organizations information or operational system. An organizational intranet does not necessarily have to provide access to the internet. Increasingly, intranets are used to deliver tools and applications. Intranets and their use are growing rapidly. According to the Intranet design annual 2007 from Nielsen Norman Group, the number of pages on participants intranet averaged 200,000 over the years 2001 to 2003 and has grown to an average of 6 million pages over 2005-2007. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intranet#Planning_and_creating_an_intranet) Benefits of Intranet: Workforce productivity: Employees can easily find the information and can use the relevant to their roles and responsibility. User can access information or database of the organization from anywhere and anytime within the company workstation. Time: With intranets, organization can make more information available to employees anytime because employee can access these information from anywhere and anytime rather than emails. Communication: Internets can be used as powerful tools for communication within an organization, vertically and horizontally. Strategies initiative that has a global reach can be out throughout the organization through the use of Internet. Business operation and Management: It is also used as a platform for developing and deploying applications to support business operations and decision. Option A- Infosys Ltd Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Income 400,000 300,000 350,000 400,000 300,000 Option B- NCR Ltd Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Income 450,000 400,000 425,000 450,000 400,000 PAYBACK PERIOD: The payback period is perhaps the simplest method of looking at one or more investment projects or ideas. It focuses on recovering the cost of investments. It represents the amount of time that it takes for a capital budgeting project to recover its initial cost. Calculating the payback period can be done in the following way: The Costs of Project / Investment PP = x 12 Annual Cash Inflows The Payback Period concept holds that all other things being equal, the better investment is the one with the shorter payback period. Benefits: The payback period is easy to calculate and easy to understand. Limitation: It ignores any benefits that occur after payback period. It does not measure total incomes. It ignores the time value of money. Option A- Infosys Ltd Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Income 400,000 300,000 350,000 400,000 300,000 Year 2009: Cost of the equipment and installation = 1million Annual income from investment = 400,000 Payback = 1000,000 / 400,000 * 12 = 30 months = 2years, 6 months Year 2010 Cost of the equipment and installation = 1million Annual income from investment = 300,000 Payback = 1000,000 / 300,000 * 12 = 40 months = 3years, 4 months Year 2011 Cost of the equipment and installation = 1million Annual income from investment = 350,000 Payback = 1000,000 / 350,000 * 12 = 34.29 months = 2years, 9 months Year 2012 Cost of the equipment and installation = 1million Annual income from investment = 400,000 Payback = 1000,000 / 400,000 * 12 = 30 months = 2years, 6 months Year 2013 Cost of the equipment and installation = 1million Annual income from investment = 300,000 Payback = 1000,000 / 300,000 * 12 = 40 months = 3years, 4 months Hence, the payback period for Infosys is 12 years, 29 months. Option B- NCR Ltd Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Income 450,000 400,000 425,000 450,000 400,000 Year 2009 Cost of the equipment and installation = 1.5million Annual income from investment = 450,000 Payback = 1500,000 / 450,000 * 12 = 40 months = 3years, 4 months Year 2010 Cost of the equipment and installation = 1.5million Annual income from investment = 400,000 Payback = 1500,000 / 400,000 * 12 = 45 months = 3years, 8 months Year 2011 Cost of the equipment and installation = 1.5million Annual income from investment = 425,000 Payback = 1500,000 / 425,000 * 12 = 42.35 months = 3years, 5 months Year 2012 Cost of the equipment and installation = 1.5million Annual income from investment = 450,000 Payback = 1500,000 / 450,000 * 12 = 40 months = 3years, 4 months Year 2013 Cost of the equipment and installation = 1.5million Annual income from investment = 450,000 Payback = 1500,000 / 400,000 * 12 = 45 months = 3years, 8 months Hence, the payback period NCR is 15 years, 29 months. Therefore, Infosys is better option as the payback period is lesser than NCR Net Present Value (NPV): The Net Present Value (NPV) of an investment is the difference between the sum of the discounted cash flows which are expected from the investment, and the amount which is initially invested. It is a traditional method often used for a project used in the discounted cash flow methodology. Each cash inflow/outflow is discount back to its present value (PV). Then they are summed. Therefore NPV is the sum of all term, where t The time of the cash flow i The discount rate Rt the net cash flow If, NPV 0 then the project may be accepted If, NPV 0 then the project should be rejected If, NPV = 0 then either the project should be accepted or rejected. Option A- Infosys Ltd Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Income 400,000 300,000 350,000 400,000 300,000 Option A Infosys Outflow 1,000,000 Inflow Year Income Cost of Capital @ 5% 2009 400,000 0.9524 380,952 2010 300,000 0.9070 272,109 2011 350,000 0.8638 302,343 2012 400,000 0.8227 329,081 2013 300,000 0.7835 235,058 Total Inflow 1,519,543 Total outflow 1,000,000 NPV 519,543 Option B- NCR Ltd Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Income 450,000 400,000 425,000 450,000 400,000 Option B NCR Ltd Outflow 1,500,000 Inflow Year Income Cost of Capital @ 5% 2009 450,000 0.9524 428,571 2010 400,000 0.9070 362,812 2011 425,000 0.8638 367,131 2012 450,000 0.8227 370,216 2013 400,000 0.7835 313,410 Total Inflow 1,842,141 Total Outflow 1,500,000 NPV 342,141 Internal Rate of Return (IRR): The internal rate of return (IRR) is the discount rate that delivers value of zero for a series of future cash flows. It is a Discounted Cash Flow approach to valuation and investing. As in Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) are widely used to decide which investment should be undertaken and which one to be rejected. There is major difference between IRR and NPV is that, IRR is a true interest expected from an investment expressed as a percentage while NPV is expressed in monetary units.IRR is easier to understand than NPV. IRR can be calculated without having to estimate the absolute cost of capital. In this case both NPV and IRR lead to the same accept/reject decisions. If cash flows are discounted at k1, NPV is positive If cash flows are discounted at k1, NPV is positive and IRR k1: accept project. If cash flows are discounted at k2, NPV is negative and IRR k2: reject the project. Option A: Infosys Inflow Year Income Cost of Capital @ 5% Cost of Capital @ 22% Cost of Capital @ 23% 2009 400,000 0.9524 380,952 0.8197 327,869 0.8130 325,203 2010 300,000 0.9070 272,109 0.6719 201,559 0.6610 198,295 2011 350,000 0.8638 302,343 0.5507 192,747 0.5374 188,084 2012 400,000 0.8227 329,081 0.4514 180,560 0.4369 174,759 2013 300,000 0.7835 235,058 0.3700 111,000 0.3552 106,560 Total Inflow 1,519,543 1,013,734 992,902 Total outflow 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 NPV 519,543 13,734 (7,098) Option B: NCR Inflow 1,500,000 Year Income Cost of Capital @ 5% Cost of Capital @ 12% Cost of Capital @ 13% 2009 450,000 0.9524 428,571 0.8929 401786 0.8850 398230 2010 400,000 0.9070 362,812 0.7972 318878 0.7831 313259 2011 425,000 0.8638 367,131 0.7118 302507 0.6931 294546 2012 450,000 0.8227 370,216 0.6355 285983 0.6133 275993 2013 400,000 0.7835 313,410 0.5674 226971 0.5428 217104 Total Inflow 1,842,141 1536124 1499132 Total Outflow 1,500,000 1500000 1500000 NPV 342,141 36124 -868 C) Average Rate of Return (ARR): The average rate of return looks at the expected net cash flows (income-expenses) of the investment project. It then measures the average net return each year as a percentage of the initial cost of the investment. Hence, Average rate of return = Net return per annum / Capital cost * 100 Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Net cash flow 400,000 300,000 350,000 400,000 300,000 The total return from the project over the five years is 1750,000. If we subtract the original cost of 1000,000 from this, we get the return from the investment to be (1750, 000 -1000, 000) from this, we get the net return from the investment to be 750,000. This took 5 years to earn and so the annual return is 750,000 divided by 5 which are 150,000. To get the average rate of return, we use the formula: Total return: 400,000+300,000+350,000+400,000+300,000 = 1750,000 Original Cost: 1000,000 Therefore, Net return = (total return original cost) / number of years = (1750, 000 1000, 000) / 5 = 750,000 / 5 = 150,000 Net return per annum ARR = x 100 Capital cost 150,000 ARR = x 100 1000,000 = 15% This suggests that every 1 worth of investment yields an average 15p return each year by INFOSYS. Option B: Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Net cash flow 450,000 400,000 425,000 450,000 400,000 The total return from the project over the five years is 2,125,000. If we subtract the original cost of 1,500,000 from this, we get the return from the investment to be (2,125, 000 -1,500, 000) from this, we get the net return from the investment to be 625,000. This took 5 years to earn and so the annual return is 625,000 divided by 5 which are 125,000 per annum. To get the average rate of return, we use the formula: Total return: 450,000+400,000+425,000+450,000+400,000 = 2,125,000 Original Cost: 1,500,000 Therefore, Net return = (total return original cost) / number of years = (2,125, 000 1,500, 000) / 5 = 625,000 / 5 = 125,000 Net return per annum ARR = x 100 Capital cost 125,000 ARR = x 100 1500,000 = 8.33% This suggests that every 1 worth of investment yields an average 8.33p return each year by NCR. Therefore, Infosys is the better option for Paul Simon than NCR. In every method or technique used to analysis the data given for Infosys and NCR, Infosys is the best option for the company to invest in the Intranet system installation to improve the companies efficiencies and communication.